Naming the full moons - a Tradition dating back to Native American tribes



Full Moon names date back to Native Americans. Tribes kept track of the seasons by giving distinctive names to each recurring Full Moon.

Their names were applied to the entire month in which each occurred. In general the same names were current throughout the Algonquin tribes from New England on west to Lake Superior. European settlers followed their own customs and created some of their own names.

Since the lunar ("synodic") month is roughly 29.5 days in length on average, the dates of the Full Moon shift from year to year.

Below are all the Full Moon names for 2005, as well as the dates and times (USA Eastern time zone).

January 25, 5:32 a.m. EST --The Full Wolf Moon.

Amid the zero cold and deep snows of midwinter, the wolf packs howled hungrily outside Indian villages. It was also known as the Old Moon or the Moon After Yule. In some tribes this was the Full Snow Moon; most applied that name to the next moon.

February 23, 11:54 p.m. EST --The Full Snow Moon.

Usually the heaviest snows fall in this month. Hunting becomes very difficult, and hence to some tribes this was the Full Hunger Moon.

March 25, 3:58 p.m. EST --The Full Worm Moon.

In this month the ground softens and the earthworm casts reappear, inviting the return of the robins. The more northern tribes knew this as the Full Crow Moon, when the cawing of crows signals the end of winter, or the Full Crust Moon because the snow cover becomes crusted from thawing by day and freezing at night. The Full Sap Moon, marking the time of tapping maple trees, is another variation. This is also the Paschal Full Moon; the first full Moon of the spring season.

April 24, 6:06 a.m. EDT --The Full Pink Moon.

The grass pink or wild ground phlox is one of the earliest widespread flowers of the spring. Other names were the Full Sprouting Grass Moon, the Egg Moon, and -- among coastal tribes -- the Full Fish Moon, when the shad came upstream to spawn.

May 23, 4:18 p.m. EDT --The Full Flower Moon.

Flowers are abundant everywhere. It was also known as the Full Corn Planting Moon or the Milk Moon.

June 22, 12:14 a.m. EDT --The Full Strawberry Moon.

Known to every Algonquin tribe. Europeans called it the Rose Moon.

July 21, 7:00 a.m. EDT --The Full Buck Moon.

So-called because it is when the new antlers of buck deer push out from their foreheads in coatings of velvety fur. It was also often called the Full Thunder Moon, thunderstorms being now most frequent. Sometimes also called the Full Hay Moon.

The Moon will also be at perigee later this day, at 4:00 p.m., at a distance of 221,928 mi./357,158 km miles from Earth. Very high ocean tides can be expected from the coincidence of perigee with full Moon.

August 19, 1:53 p.m. EDT --The Full Sturgeon Moon

So-called because it is when this large fish of the Great Lakes and other major bodies of water like Lake Champlain is most readily caught. A few tribes knew it as the Full Red Moon because the moon rises looking reddish through sultry haze, or the Green Corn Moon or Grain Moon.

September 17, 10:01 p.m. EDT --The Full Harvest Moon.

Traditionally, this designation goes to the Full Moon that occurs closest to the Autumnal (Fall) Equinox. In two years out of three, the Harvest Moon comes in September, but every third year it occurs in October. At the peak of the harvest, farmers can work into the night by the light of this moon.

Usually the full Moon rises an average of 50 minutes later each night, but for the few nights around the Harvest Moon, the Moon seems to rise at nearly the same time each night: just 25 to 30 minutes later across the U.S., and only 10 to 20 minutes later for much of Canada and Europe. Corn, pumpkins, squash, beans, and wild rice -- the chief Indian staples -- are now ready for gathering.

October 17, 8:14 a.m. EDT --The Full Hunter’s Moon.

With the leaves falling and the deer fattened, it is time to hunt. Since the fields have been reaped, hunters can ride over the stubble, and can more easily see the fox, also other animals, which have come out to glean and can be caught for a thanksgiving banquet after the harvest.

November 15, 7:58 p.m. EST --TheFull Beaver Moon.

Time to set beaver traps before the swamps freeze to ensure a supply of warm winter furs. Another interpretation suggests that the name Beaver Full Moon come from the fact that the beavers are now active in their preparation for winter. Also called the Frosty Moon.

December 15, 11:15 a.m. EST --TheFull Cold Moon

Among some tribes, the Full Long Nights Moon. In this month the winter cold fastens its grip, and the nights are at their longest and darkest. Also sometimes called the Moon before Yule (Yule is Christmas, and this time the Moon is only just before it).

The term Long Night Moon is a doubly appropriate name because the midwinter night is indeed long and the Moon is above the horizon a long time. The midwinter full Moon takes a high trajectory across the sky because it is opposite to the low Sun.

© 2005 Space.com. All rights reserved. More from Space.com.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7013393/

 

Huygens trajectory spot on

Not the Death Star! A photo of the Huygens probe approaching Titan

12 January 2005

Early on Christmas Day 2004, the Cassini mothership flawlessly released ESA's Huygens probe. But how do we know that it is on the right course and how accurately can we tell?

Since Huygens has no propulsion system of its own, it had to be put on course for its descent before it was released.

As planned, a fine tuning of the Cassini trajectory took place on 22 December to place Huygens on its nominal entry trajectory.

While Huygens will remain on this trajectory until it plunges into Titan's atmosphere on 14 January, the Cassini orbiter performed a deflection manoeuvre on 28 December to avoid crashing onto the moon.

Huygens is scheduled to reach Titan's upper atmosphere at about 10:06 CET on 14 January, entering the atmosphere at a relatively steep angle of 65 degrees and a velocity of about six kilometres per second.

The fine-tuning manoeuvre, called 'Targeting Clean-up', was critical: if the entry angle is too steep, the probe could overheat and burn up in the atmosphere; if the angle is too shallow, the probe might skim like a pebble on the surface of a lake and miss its target.

After the probe's separation from Cassini, telemetry data were collected by NASA's Deep Space Network stations in Madrid, Spain, and Goldstone, California. From these data confirming the release, we know the speed after release, and that the probe is spinning as planned to keep stable. Images from Cassini's cameras showing the probe drifting away were taken on 25-27 October.

Although only a few pixels across, these images taken at different distances between the probe and the orbiter helped navigators to reconstruct the probe's trajectory. Using the backdrop of known stars, and pinpointing Huygens's position relative to Cassini, the probe's trajectory was reconstructed using radio and optical navigation techniques.

This information is important to help establish the required geometry between the probe and the orbiter for radio communications during the probe descent on 14 January. It also shows that the probe and Cassini are well within the predicted trajectory accuracy.

Jean-Pierre Lebreton, ESA's Huygens Mission Manager said: "We know now that Huygens is going to hit Titan's upper atmosphere with a high precision. We are using this latest information to update our Huygens trajectory prediction. However, we still can't say precisely where Huygens is going to impact on the surface as the touchdown longitude will be most influenced by the drift of the parachute caused by the wind. This may be as large as 300-400 kilometres eastwards."

Learn more at Huygens.com